ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with behavioral problems in children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. METHODS: Random sampling is utilized to obtain a sample of 90 patients. The behavioral problems of the patients are detected by Achenbach Children's Behavior Scale. Parental emotional problems are investigated by the Self-Rating Depression Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the detection rate of behavioral problems in children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is 53.3% (48/90). Among these behavioral problems, an abnormal rate is higher in the four dimensions: thinking, violation of discipline, social interaction, and aggression. The anxiety and depression scores of caregivers are statistically higher in the abnormal group than in the normal group. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the anxiety degree of the parents had a significant impact on the behavior of the children. CONCLUSIONS: Children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia are facing the issues of high rates of behavioral problems. Parents of children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia had higher levels of anxiety and depression than parents of normal children. The anxiety and depressive state of mind of parents or caregivers had a significant impact on the behavior of children with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between esophageal cancer (EC) and soil, vegetation types as well as soil organic carbon densities (SOCD) at depths of 100cm and 20cm in China. METHODS: Database of EC mortality surveyed in 1990-1992 in China was established in Excel. Digital polygon maps of study areas were created in Arc/Info 9.0 software and linked with the database. Soil and vegetation types of sampling areas were extracted from digital maps of soil types, vegetation types and distribution map of EC mortality by using overlay analysis. Mean SOCD at depths of 100cm and 20cm of these areas were calculated, and spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between EC mortality and SOCD. RESULTS: Soil and vegetation types of high and low-risk areas of EC in China were different. There were both negative correlations between EC mortality and SOCD at depths of 100cm and 20cm. The correlation coefficient for men is -0.504 and -0.575 (p< 0.01 respectively), for women is -0.487 and -0.526 (p<0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: EC may correlate to SOCD, soil and vegetation types, which needs further studies. GIS-based spatial techniques can provide an opportunity to connect diseases with ambient environment, and lay a foundation to pursue further investigation into the environmental factors responsible for disease risk.